Wide band radio frequency circulator

ABSTRACT

A wide band radio frequency (RF) circulator is presented. The RF circulator includes at least one stage having four ports, a first end, and a second end, wherein a first port and a third port are connected at the first end of the at least one stage, wherein a second port and a fourth port are connected at the second end of the at least one stage, wherein each of the at least one stage includes a pair of couplers connected through a first delay line and a second delay line, thereby forming a network of couplers in the at least one stage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/323,814 filed on Apr. 18, 2016, and of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 62/360,398 filed on Jul. 10, 2016, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to passive radio frequency (RF)devices and, more particularly, to wide band radio frequency (RF)circulators.

BACKGROUND

An RF Circulator is a 3-port ferromagnetic passive device designed toregulate a signal flow within a circuit. The RF circulator transmits aninput signal in one direction. An example structure of a conventional RFcirculator 100 is shown in FIG. 1.

The conventional RF circulator 100 includes a Y-shape conductor (e.g.,metal strip) 110 placed on a ferrite substrate 120 and a permanentmagnet 130 orthogonal to the Y-shape conductor 110. An RF signal inputat port 101 is transmitted to port 102 and isolated from port 103.Similarly, a RF signal input at port 102 is transmitted to port 103 andisolated from port 101, and a signal input at port 103 is transmitted toport 101 and isolated from port 102. Circulators are typically designedto have minimal loss when transmitting an input signal from one port tothe other. The conventional RF circulator 100 is typically packaged witha metal case (not shown in FIG. 1).

A common use of an RF circulator is to provide connectivity to anantenna. For example, an input signal is from a transmitter, whichoutputs at a port coupled to an antenna and isolated at a receiver port.As another example, an input signal from an antenna outputs at a portcoupled to a receiver and isolated at the transmitter port.

There are a number of factors that determine the operation of an RFcirculator including frequency band (or bandwidth), insertion loss,isolation, power, and package type. The bandwidth is the frequency rangeover which the device can operate with while providing a constant levelof isolation and minimal insertion loss. An insertion loss is measuredin decibels (dB) and is the loss of the input signal from one port tothe next. The isolation is a measure of relative signal levels at theadjacent ports of the circulator. For example, when a signal is incidentat port 101 and transmitted to port 102, the isolation is measured (indB) between port 101 and port 103. The higher this value, the better theperformance of the RF circulator. The power is the level of power inwatts that the device can handle while maintaining its electricalcharacteristics. The package type is the form factor of the RFcirculator and determines the size of the package.

Conventional RF circulators are characterized by relatively largephysical size, limited bandwidth (approximately 100 MHz), and lowisolation (typically 12 dB-18 dB). Although conventional RF circulatorsmay be an alternative to cavity duplexers in base stations, due to theircharacteristics, they cannot be utilized, for example, in hand-helddevices.

For example, the narrow bandwidth is a limiting factor for using aconventional RF circulator in cellular telephones. A telephone shouldoperate in the entire frequency band of RF signals transmitted by thecellular telephone. In modern communication standards, the frequencyband (bandwidth) of cellular telephones is about 1 GHz (for thefrequency range between 1 GHz and 7 GHz, operating at a multi-bandfrequency). As discussed above, conventional RF circulators cannot meetthis demand. In addition, the insertion loss would cause poortransmission and reception of RF signals.

It would therefore be advantageous to provide a design of a conventionalRF circulator that overcomes the limitations noted above.

SUMMARY

A summary of several example embodiments of the disclosure follows. Thissummary is provided for the convenience of the reader to provide a basicunderstanding of such embodiments and does not wholly define the breadthof the disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of allcontemplated embodiments, and is intended to neither identify key orcritical elements of all embodiments nor to delineate the scope of anyor all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one ormore embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detaileddescription that is presented later. For convenience, the term “someembodiments” may be used herein to refer to a single embodiment ormultiple embodiments of the disclosure.

Some embodiments disclosed herein include a wide band radio frequency(RF) circulator. The RF circulator comprises at least one stage havingfour ports, a first end, and a second end, wherein a first port and athird port are connected at the first end of the at least one stage,wherein a second port and a fourth port are connected at the second endof the at least one stage, wherein each of the at least one stageincludes a pair of couplers connected through a first delay line and asecond delay line, thereby forming a network of couplers in the at leastone stage.

Some embodiments disclosed herein also include a wide band RF circulatorcomprising: a stage having four ports, wherein a first port and a thirdport are connected at one end of the stage, wherein a second port and afourth port are connected at the other end of the stage, wherein the atleast one stage includes two 3 dB couplers connected through areciprocal delay line and a non-reciprocal delay line, thereby forming anetwork of couplers in the stage.

Some embodiments disclosed herein further include a full-duplexreceiving and transmitting passive circuit. The full-duplex comprising:at least one stage having four ports, a first end, and a second end,wherein a first port and a third port are connected at the first end ofthe at least one stage and a second port and a fourth port are connectedat the second end of at least one stage, wherein each of the at leastone stage includes a pair of couplers connected through a reciprocaldelay line and a non-reciprocal delay line, thereby forming a networkcouplers in the at least one stage; a transmitter connected to the firstport; an antenna connected to the second port; and a receiver connectedto the third port.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter disclosed herein is particularly pointed out anddistinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification.The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of thedisclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is schematic diagram of a conventional RF circulator (prior art).

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a RF circulator designed according toan embodiment.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams of a single-stage RF circulatorutilized to describe the various disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 4 is an example diagram of a wide band coupler that can be utilizedin the disclosed RF circulator according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a design of a non-reciprocal delay lineaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a cross-section diagram of a non-reciprocal delay linedesigned according to another embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a design of a reciprocal delay line according to anembodiment.

FIG. 8 is an example diagram of a three-stage RF circulator designedaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is an example diagram of a three-stage RF circulator designedaccording to another embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a graph demonstrating the performance of a RF circulatorconstructed according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is important to note that the embodiments disclosed herein are onlyexamples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachingsherein. In general, statements made in the specification of the presentapplication do not necessarily limit any of the various claimedembodiments. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventivefeatures but not to others. In general, unless otherwise indicated,singular elements may be in plural and vice versa with no loss ofgenerality. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like parts throughseveral views.

By way of example for the disclosed embodiments, a wide band RFcirculator is provided. In an embodiment, the disclosed RF circulatorprovides a novel design to allow wide bandwidth, low insertion loss,high isolation, and small physical dimensions. The disclosed RFcirculator can be operable in a full-duplex mode. In an exampleembodiment, the bandwidth of the disclosed RF circulator is between 1GHz-7 GHz at a plurality of distinct frequency bands, the isolation isapproximately 40 dB, and the thickness is approximately 1 millimeter.

The RF circulator disclosed herein can be integrated in hand-helddevices such as, but not limited to, a cellular telephone, a smartphone,a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a wearable electronic device, andthe like. The RF circulator can also be integrated in othercommunication devices, such as radars (e.g., for autonomous car),base-station, routers, and so on. The proposed design is based on anetwork of couplers coupled through delay lines. Specifically, each pairof couplers are coupled to each other using a pair of delay lines. Thesecomponents create a network of couplers shown in FIG. 2. The network cancontain several stages. In a simple embodiment, the network containsonly one stage.

FIG. 2 shows an example diagram of a wide band RF circulator 200designed according to an embodiment. The RF circulator 200 includes anumber of stages 210-1 through 210-n (where ‘n’ is an integer equal toor greater than 1). Thus, in some configurations, the RF circulator 200includes only one stage. In an embodiment, the number of stages, andhence the number of couplers, determines the bandwidth of the circulator200. The higher the number of stages are, the higher the bandwidth is.

The RF circulator 200 includes 4 ports 201, 202, 203, and 204 to“circulate” a signal from one port to another. Specifically, in aforward direction, an input signal from the port 201 is output at port202, while port 203 is the isolated port. In a backward direction, aninput signal at port 202 is output at port 203, while port 201 is theisolated port. Also, an input signal at port 203 is output at port 201,while port 202 is the isolated port. Port 204 is always grounded. Itshould be noted that, in certain implementations, the locations of ports201 and 203 may be swapped, i.e., port 201 would be placed together withport 203 (at the same coupler) and port 202 would be placed togetherwith port 204.

In an embodiment, each stage 210-i in the RF circulator 200 is connectedto the subsequent stage 210-i+1 using a pair of delay lines 220-I and225-I (wherein is I=1, . . . , n). The delay lines 220-I are reciprocaldelay lines, while the delay lines 225-I are non-reciprocal delay lines.In a simple case, reciprocal delay line 220-I is a conductivetransmission line placed on a dielectric substrate. The non-reciprocaldelay line 225-I can be built as a conductor placed on a ferrite(magnetic material) substrate. The various embodiments for designingreciprocal and non-reciprocal delay lines are discussed in detail hereinbelow.

As demonstrated in FIG. 2, each stage is composed of 2 couplers 230-jand 230-j+1 (j=1, . . . , n−1). The couplers 230 may have similar ordifferent coupling factors. In an embodiment, each coupler 230 is a wideband 3 dB hybrid coupler. In a 3 dB hybrid coupler, the phase shift(difference) of the coupled output signal and the output signal is90-degrees (90°). An example implementation of a coupler is providedbelow. A 3 dB hybrid coupler divides the power equally (within a certaintolerance) between its output and its coupled output ports. The couplingfactor of each 3 dB hybrid coupler 230 is substantially equal to 3 dB.In some configurations, each coupler 230 may be a wide band directionalcoupler.

As will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 4, a coupler has twooutput ports: one for an output signal, and the other for the coupledsignal. In an embodiment, the outputs of each of the couplers 230 exceptfor the coupler 230-n are coupled to the respective delay lines. In anembodiment, the output port of each coupler is connected to thereciprocal delay line 220 and the coupled port to a non-reciprocal delayline 225.

Typically, the phase shifts between the output ports of a coupler arebased, in part, on its coupling factor. For example, in a 3 dB coupler,the phase shift between these outputs is 90°. However, the delay linesfurther shift the phases of signals propagating through them. As aresult, the amplitude and phase of the signals are changed after eachstage. In an embodiment, the RF circulator 200 is designed to ensurethat phase shifts between signals propagated over the delay lines 220-iand 225-i+1 would combine the propagated signals to a complete signal atany of the current output ports (i.e., either of the ports 201, 202, and203). Various embodiments for determining the phase shifts between thedelay lines 220-i and 225-i+1 to meet this constraint are discussedbelow.

The disclosed embodiments allow for designing a RF circulator 200 thatcan be served for different applications. The design of the RFcirculator 200 for a specific application may be a function of thenumber of stages 210, the coupling factor of each coupler 230, and thecharacteristics of each of the non-reciprocal delay lines. Some exampledesigns are provided below.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are example block diagrams of a single-stage RFcirculator 300 utilized to describe the various disclosed embodiments.FIG. 3A demonstrates the operation in the forward direction, while FIG.3B shows the operation in the backward direction.

The RF circulator 300 (shown in both FIGS. 3A and 3B) includes a pair of3 dB couplers 310 and 320 connected using a reciprocal delay line 330and a non-reciprocal delay line 340. The ports of the RF circulator 300are 301, 302, 303, and 304 which is grounded. As noted above, each 3 dBcouplers 310 and 320 divides the power equally (within a certaintolerance) between its the output and coupled output ports.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, in a forward direction, an input signal atport 301 is output at port 302, while port 303 is the isolated port.According to an embodiment, the coupler 310 divides an input signal 350at port 301 into two signals 351 and 352 having substantially equalamplitudes. This is due to the fact that the coupler 310 respectivelyoutputs an output signal 351 to the reciprocal delay line 330 and acoupled signal 352 to the non-reciprocal delay line 340. The power ofeach signal 351 and 352 is around half the power of the input signal350. The phase shifts between the signals 351 and 352 is substantially90°.

The signals 351 and 352 are respectively propagated through the delaylines 330 and 340 and input to the coupler 320. The phase shifts betweenthe signals 351 and 352 would be different than 90° due to thecharacteristics of the delay lines. However, the phase shifts fornon-reciprocal delay line 340 and reciprocal delay line 330 aredetermined in such a way that the signals 351′ and 352′ are combined atthe output port 302. That is, the amplitudes of the signals 351′ and352′ are summed up and do not cancel each other. The combined signal 353is output at port 302. As port 304 is grounded, no signal is output atthis port.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, in a backward direction, an input signal 360at port 302 is output at port 303, while port 301 is the isolated port.According to an embodiment, the coupler 320 divides an input signal 360into two signals (361, 362) that may have substantially equal amplitude.This is due to the fact that the coupler 320 yields an output signal 361to the reciprocal delay line 330 and an induced (coupled) signal 362 tothe non-reciprocal delay line 340, respectively. The power of eachsignal 361 and 362 is half the power of the input signal 360. The phaseshifts between the signals 361 and 362 is substantially 90°.

The signals 361 and 362 are propagated through the delay lines 330 and340, respectively, and input to the coupler 310. The phase shiftsbetween the signals 361′ and 362′ would be different by more than 90°due to the characteristics of the delay lines. However, the phase shiftsfor the non-reciprocal delay line 340 and reciprocal delay line 330 aredetermined in such a way that the signals 361′ and 362′ are combined atthe output port 303. That is, due to the phase shifts of the signals361′ and 362′ the amplitudes of these signals are summed up and do notcancel each other. The combined signal 363 is output at port 303. Asport 301 is the isolated port, no signal is output at this port. Inanother configuration, an input signal at port 303 is split by thecoupler 320 and combined at port 301. As port 304 is grounded, no signalis output at this port.

In an embodiment, there is no phase difference between the “forwardsignal” (351) and the “backward signal” (361) propagated through thereciprocal delay line 330. On the other end, there is a 180°-phasedifference between the “forward signal” (352) and the “backward signal”(362) propagated through the non-reciprocal delay line 340. It should benoted that the 180°-phase difference is when the number of stages in theRF circulator is 1 and coupling factor of the couplers is 3 dB. Inanother embodiment, when the number of stages is more than 1 andcoupling factors are different, the phase difference may be differentfrom 180°. Various examples are provided below. It should be furthernoted that signals having the same frequency can be simultaneouslypropagated in both forward and backward directions over the delay linesallowing a full-duplex mode of operation.

It should be appreciated that the operation of the RF circulator withone stage is performed merely for the sake of simplicity. The disclosedembodiments described with references to FIGS. 3A and 3B are equallyapplicable to a RF circulator that includes multiple-stages. Forexample, for a RF circulator that includes 3 couplers, the intermediatecoupler divides a combined signal into two signals and induces suchsignals into reciprocal and non-reciprocal delay lines of the secondstage. The last coupler of the second signal combines the signals andimmediately divides the combined signal into two signals (not shown) andinduces such signals into reciprocal and non-reciprocal delay lines ofthe third coupler of the second stage. The third coupler of the devicecombines the signals in to a common output line. In some embodiments,the connection between some but not all couplers can be performed usingreciprocal delay lines.

In order to meet the demand for an efficient RF circulator having a widebandwidth and a low insertion loss, the couplers are designedaccordingly. Specifically, in an embodiment, each coupler is designedwith a coupling factor substantially equal to 3 dB, low return loss(e.g., less than −10 dB), high isolation loss (e.g., more than 15 dB),low amplitude imbalance (less than 0.4 dB), and low phase imbalance(less than 3 degrees). In a further embodiment, the bandwidth of thecoupler is between 3 GHz and 7 GHz. An example wide band coupler thatcan be utilized in the disclosed RF circulator is shown in FIG. 4.

As demonstrated in FIG. 4, a wide band coupler 400 includes a maintransmission line 410 and a coupling transmission line 420. In anembodiment, the coupler 400 is a miniature coupler and the transmissionlines 410 and 420 are realized as micro-strips, strip-lines, or anyother planar or other 3D technologies. The realization of thetransmission lines 410 and 420 may include fabrication of the lines ondielectric layers, or a combination thereof, using for example, a lowtemperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) process.

The coupler 400 couples radio frequency (RF) signals and can beutilized, for example, for power sensing or probing of an input RFsignal. As shown in FIG. 4, a first end and a second end of the maintransmission line 410 are at input port 411 and at output port 412,respectively. A first end and a second end of the coupling transmissionline 420 are a coupled port 421 and an isolated port 422, respectively.The isolated port 422 may be connected to a common ground (not shown).

A RF signal is provided at the input port 411. Due to the mutualinductance and the mutual capacitance between the main transmission line410 and the coupling transmission line 420, a portion of the input RFsignal is induced in the coupling transmission line 420. The induced RFsignal traverses through the coupling transmission line 420 and isoutput at the coupled port 421. The remaining portion of the input RFsignal traverses through the main transmission line 410 and is output atthe output port 411.

Accordingly, the coupler 400 operates at a wide frequency band. That is,the coupling factor value of the wide band coupler 400 would remainsubstantially constant for any RF signal having frequency within theoperation bandwidth of the coupler 400. In an example embodiment, theoperating bandwidth is between 1 GHz and 7 GHz.

The coupling factor value of the coupler is a function of the RFsignal's frequency, spacing between the transmission lines, and thelength of the transmission lines. In an embodiment, the coupling factorvalue is 3 dB with some tolerance. The mutual inductance and mutualcapacitance existing between the transmission lines 410 and 420 isdetermined in part based on the spacing between the transmission lines410 and 420.

The coupling transmission line 420 of the coupler 400 is structured as acombination of quarter wave length (λ/4) coupling lines 425-1 through425-n. As shown in FIG. 4, the coupling transmission line 420 is formedof ‘n’ λ/4 lines (where ‘n’ is an integer greater than 1). The couplinglines 425-1 through 425-n will be referred to hereinafter collectivelyas “λ/4 coupling lines 425” or individually as a “λ/4 coupling line425”. It should be noted that a λ/4 coupling line 425 can be realized asa micro-strip, a strip-line, or as any other planar technology.

The wide band coupler 400 is structured with a capacitive connection, aninductive connection, or both, between the main transmission line 410and the coupling transmission line 420. The capacitive connection, theinductive connection, or both, are designed to ensure relatively lowcapacitance and inductance values of the coupler 400. The capacitiveconnection 440 and the inductive connection 450 are schematicallylabeled for illustrative purposes only. Additional examples for couplersthat can be utilized according to the disclosed embodiments are furtherdiscussed in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/434,800, assignedto the common assignee, which is hereby incorporated for all that itcontains.

In an embodiment, the coupler 400 is connected in the RF circulator inthe following manner. For each intermediate coupler in the RFcirculator, ports 411 and 412 are connected to reciprocal delay line(s),while ports 421 and 422 are connected to the non-reciprocal delay lines.A coupler 400 placed as the first coupler in the RF circulator, theports 411 and 412 are respectively port 1 and port 3 of the circulator.A coupler 400 placed as the last coupler in the RF circulator, the ports412 and 421 are respectively port 2 and the ground of the circulator.

A foundational aspect to allow for an RF circulator that meets theabove-noted demand is the design of the delay lines, and specificallythe non-reciprocal delay line. According to an embodiment, thereciprocal lines provide the same phase shift “forward signals” and“backward signals”, i.e., signals propagated at both directions of thelines. The non-reciprocal delay lines provide different phase shifts forsignals propagating in opposite directions (from port 1 to port 2 andvice versa).

FIG. 5 shows an example diagram illustrating a design of anon-reciprocal delay line 500 according to an embodiment. Thenon-reciprocal delay line 500 is structured using a conductor 510 placedon a ferrite substrate 520. The conductor 510 may be made of anyconductive material (e.g., gold, copper, silver, etc.) and realized as amicro-strip or a strip-line or any other patterning technology. Theferrite substrate 520 is selected or designed with magnetic propertiesto support the frequency band of the RF circulator.

The non-reciprocal delay line 500 further includes at least one magnet530 forming a magnetic field. In an embodiment, the magnet 530 isdirectly attached to the conductor 510. The magnet 530 may be shaped asa cylinder, a coin, a film, or the like. In a non-limiting embodiment,the magnetic field is orthogonal to the conductor 510.

In an embodiment, the conductor 510 is placed on a surface of theferrite substrate 520. In another embodiment, the conductor 510 isplaced between the layers of the ferrite substrate 520. This embodimentis further demonstrated in FIG. 6 where a cross-section diagram of thenon-reciprocal delay line 500 is shown.

The properties of the non-reciprocal delay line 500, such as the lengthof the conductor 510, the magnetic properties of the substrate 520, thestrength of the magnetic field by the magnet 530, or a combinationthereof, are determined based on the required phase shifts (in forwardand backward directions) over the non-reciprocal line. The properties ofthe non-reciprocal delay line may be determined based on a set ofMaxwell equations. It should be noted that the phase shifts for bothdelay lines should remain constant (within a predefined tolerance)throughout the bandwidth of the RF circulator.

FIG. 7 shows an example diagram illustrating a design of a reciprocaldelay line 700 according to an embodiment. A conductive line 710 isplaced on a dielectric substrate 720. The length of the conductive line710 is determined based on the phase shift required to achieve forsignals propagating the reciprocal delay line 700. Further, the phaseshifts of signals propagating in opposite directions over the reciprocaldelay line does not have any phase shift.

It should be noted that a RF circulator including multiple stages isdesigned with a plurality of non-reciprocal delay lines and reciprocaldelay lines. Each of the non-reciprocal delay lines and each of thereciprocal delay lines in such a design may have different properties toaccount for different phase-shifts.

As an example, an RF circulator 800, shown in FIG. 8, includes 4couplers 810-1 through 810-4 (framed in 3-stages, not shown). Thecouplers 810-1 through 810-4 are respectively connected throughreciprocal delay lines 820-1, 820-2, and 820-3. The couplers 810-1through 810-4 are also connected through non-reciprocal delay lines830-1, 830-2, and 830-3. The phase shifts of the reciprocal delay lines820-1, 820-2, and 820-3 are respectively labeled as φ₀₁, φ₀₂, and φ₀₃.The phase shifts of the non-reciprocal delay lines 830-1, 830-2, and830-3 in the forward direction are respectively φ₁₁, φ₁₂, and φ₁₃, whilein the backward direction they are respectively as φ₂₁, φ₂₂, and φ₂₃.

In the example RF circulator 800, each of the couplers 810-1 through810-4 is a 3 dB coupler. The phase shifts of the delays lines are asfollows: φ₀₁=−126° φ₀₂=−124° and φ₀₃=−136°; φ₁₁=−149°, φ₁₂=40°, andφ₁₃=48°; φ₂₁=−2, φ₂₂=−180°, and φ₂₃=181°

The example RF circulator 800 can serve as a full-duplex passive elementfor receiving and transmitting RF signals. In such configuration, atransmitter (TX) 850 is connected to the port 1 (801), an antenna 860 isconnected to a port 2 (802), and a receiver (RX) 870 is connected toport 3 (803). Thus, signals from the transmitter 850 are transmittedthrough the antenna 860, and signals received at the antenna 860 areoutput to the receiver 870.

FIG. 9 shows an example RF circulator 900 designed according to anotherembodiment. In this embodiment, the connection between one stage isperformed using reciprocal delay lines. The RF circulator 900 includes 4couplers 910-1 through 910-4 (framed as 3-stages, not shown). Thecouplers 910-1 and 910-2 as well as couplers 910-3 and 910-4 areconnected through reciprocal delay lines 920-1 and 920-3. The couplers910-1 through 910-4 are respectively connected through non-reciprocaldelay lines 930-1, 930-2, and 930-3. As can be noted, the couplers 910-2and 910-3 are coupled using two non-reciprocal delay lines 920-2 and930-2.

The phase shifts of the reciprocal delay lines 920-1 and 920-3 arerespectively labeled as φ₀₁, and φ₀₃. The phase shifts of thenon-reciprocal delay lines 930-1, 930-2, 930-3, and 920-2 in the forwarddirection are respectively φ₁₁, φ₁₂, φ₁₃, and φ₀₂, while in the backwarddirection they are φ₂₁, φ₂₂, φ₂₃, and φ₂₄.

In the example RF circulator 900, each of the coupler 910-1 through910-4 has a coupling factor of 8.3 dB. The phase shifts of the delayslines are as follows: φ₀₁=180° φ₀₂=180°; φ₁₁=0°, φ₁₂=0, and φ₁₃=0°;φ₂₁=0°, φ₂₂=0°, and φ₂₃=0°.

In an example configuration, the RF circulator can operate in afrequency band between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. In this band, an output signal(at each output port) remains at the same level, thus are not attenuatedin response to changes in the signal's frequency. A graph 1000 showingan output signal value versus the frequency band is illustrated in FIG.10. Specifically, the graph 1000 demonstrates a signal input at port 1and output at port 2 (in the forward direction). The graph 1001 is theisolation between port 2 and port 3 (in the forward direction). One ofordinary skill would appreciate that the RF circulator, designed usingthe disclosed embodiments, has adequate isolation for a wide bandwidthof about 1 GHz-5 GHz.

The graph 1003 also depicts the signal reflection, which is low. Itshould be noted that any reflections caused by any mismatches will endup at the termination of the RF circulator and not propagate back intothe signal source.

According to certain embodiments, a RF circulator can be designed using,for example, a CAD design tool configured with certain constraints toallow proper operation while meeting the requirements set of the RFcirculator. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to,bandwidth and low insertion loss.

In an example embodiment, the constraints may include: 1) for signalsinduced at port 1 (in the backward direction), signals combined by thelast coupler on port 2 and port 3 should have equal amplitudes. Further,signals combined on the port 2 should be with syn-phase and signalscombined on-port 3 should have opposite phases; 2) for the signalinduced at port 2 (in the backward direction), signals combined by thelast coupler on port 1 should have equal amplitudes and opposite phases.In such a case, an input RF signal is entirely output at port 3; and 3)for the signal induced at port 3, signals combined by the last coupleron port 1 should have the equal amplitudes and be syn-phase. In such acase, an input RF signal at port 3 is entirely output at port 1.

It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using adesignation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not generallylimit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, thesedesignations are generally used herein as a convenient method ofdistinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element.Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that onlytwo elements may be employed there or that the first element mustprecede the second element in some manner. Also, unless statedotherwise, a set of elements comprises one or more elements.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” followed by a listing ofitems means that any of the listed items can be utilized individually,or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be utilized.For example, if a system is described as including “at least one of A,B, and C,” the system can include A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B incombination; B and C in combination; A and C in combination; or A, B,and C in combination.

All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended forpedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principlesof the disclosed embodiment and the concepts contributed by the inventorto furthering the art, and are to be construed as being withoutlimitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions.Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, andembodiments of the disclosed embodiments, as well as specific examplesthereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functionalequivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalentsinclude both currently known equivalents as well as equivalentsdeveloped in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform thesame function, regardless of structure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wide band radio frequency (RF) circulator,comprising: at least one stage having four ports, a first end, and asecond end, wherein a first port, serving as an input for a RF signal,and a third port are connected at the first end of the at least onestage, wherein a second port and a fourth port are connected at thesecond end of the at least one stage, wherein each of the at least onestage includes a pair of couplers connected through a reciprocal delayline and a non-reciprocal delay line, thereby forming a network ofcouplers in the at least one stage.
 2. The wide band RF circulator ofclaim 1, wherein the RF input signal at the first port is output at thesecond port, wherein an input signal at the second port is output at thethird port, wherein an input signal at the third port is output at thefirst port, wherein the fourth port is grounded.
 3. The wide band RFcirculator of claim 2, further comprising: a transmitter connected tothe first port; an antenna connected to the second port; and a receiverconnected to the third port.
 4. The wide band RF circulator of claim 3,wherein the signals simultaneously propagate from the first port to thesecond port and from the second port to the third port.
 5. The wide bandRF circulator of claim 1, wherein all pairs of couplers in the at leastone stage have the same coupling factor.
 6. The wide band RF circulatorof claim 1, wherein each pair of couplers in the at least one stage havedifferent coupling factors.
 7. The wide band RF circulator of claim 1,wherein the coupling factor of the pair of couplers is 3 dB.
 8. The wideband RF circulator of claim 1, wherein the reciprocal delay lineincludes a conductive line placed on a dielectric substrate.
 9. The wideband RF circulator of claim 8, wherein the non-reciprocal delay lineincludes a conductor placed on a ferrite substrate and a magnet attachedto the conductor.
 10. The wide band RF circulator of claim 8, whereinphase difference between a first signal and a second signal propagatedover the non-reciprocal delay is 180 degrees, wherein the first signalis input from the first port and the second signal is input from thesecond port.
 11. The wide band RF circulator of claim 10, wherein phaseshifts between the first signal and the second signal remainsubstantially constant through a bandwidth of the RF circulator.
 12. Thewide band RF circulator of claim 1, wherein phase shifts between a firstsignal and a second signal propagated over the reciprocal delay is zero,wherein the first signal is input from the first port and the secondsignal is input from the second port.
 13. The wide band RF circulator ofclaim 1, wherein each of the couplers includes: a coupling transmissionline having a first length and connected between a coupling port and anisolated port, wherein the coupling transmission line is coupled to themain transmission line through a coupling capacitive connection and amutual inductive connection, wherein at least a distance between themain transmission line and the coupling transmission line varies alongthe first length of the coupling transmission line such that any one ofa capacitance value of the capacitive connection and an inductance valueof the inductive connection is characterized by a relatively low value,wherein a coupling factor of the wide band couple remains substantiallyconstant throughout an operating frequency band of the wide bandcoupler, wherein the main transmission line partially overlaps thecoupling transmission line.
 14. The wide band RF circulator of claim 13,wherein each of the couplers is any one of: a wide band directionalcoupler and a wide band hybrid coupler.
 15. The wide band RF circulatorof claim 1, wherein a bandwidth of the RF circulator is between 1 GigaHertz (GHz) and 7 GHz, wherein the operating frequency of the RFcirculator includes a plurality of distinct frequency bands.
 16. A wideband RF circulator, comprising: a stage having four ports, wherein afirst port and a third port are connected at one end of the stage, thefirst port serves as an input for a RF signal, wherein a second port anda fourth port are connected at the other end of the stage, wherein theat least one stage includes two 3 dB couplers connected through areciprocal delay line and a non-reciprocal delay line, thereby forming anetwork of couplers in the stage.
 17. The wide band RF circulator ofclaim 16, wherein the reciprocal delay line includes a conductive lineplaced on a dielectric substrate.
 18. The wide band RF circulator ofclaim 16, wherein the reciprocal delay line includes a conductor placedon a ferrite substrate and a magnet attached to the conductor.
 19. Thewide band RF circulator of claim 16, wherein each of the pair ofcouplers is any one of: a wide band directional coupler and a wide bandhybrid coupler.
 20. The wide band RF circulator of claim 16, wherein abandwidth of the RF circulator is between 1 Giga Hertz (GHz) and 7 GHz,wherein the operating frequency of the RF circulator includes aplurality of distinct frequency bands.
 21. A full-duplex receiving andtransmitting passive circuit, comprising: at least one stage having fourports, a first end, and a second end, wherein a first port and a thirdport are connected at the first end of the at least one stage and asecond port and a fourth port are connected at the second end of atleast one stage, the first port serves as an input for a RF signal,wherein each of the at least one stage includes a pair of couplersconnected through a reciprocal delay line and a non-reciprocal delayline; thereby forming a network couplers in the at least one stage; atransmitter connected to the first port; an antenna connected to thesecond port; and a receiver connected to the third port.
 22. Thefull-duplex passive circuit of claim 21, wherein the reciprocal delayline includes a conductive line placed on a dielectric substrate. 23.The full-duplex passive circuit of claim 21, wherein the reciprocaldelay line includes a conductor placed on a ferrite substrate and amagnet attached to the conductor.
 24. The full-duplex passive circuit ofclaim 23, wherein each of the couplers is any one of: a wide banddirectional coupler and a wide band hybrid coupler.
 25. The full-duplexpassive circuit of claim 21, wherein bandwidth of the full-duplexpassive circuit is between 1 Giga Hertz (GHz) and 7 GHz, the operatingfrequency of the RF circulator includes a plurality of distinctfrequency bands.